Chicago referencing

Footnotes and endnotes

A footnote is placed at the foot of the same page as your citation. An endnote is placed at the end of your work (before the bibliography, if one is included). There is no other difference in their formatting or style.

Titles can be italics or underlined

Titles of books, reports, journals and other media can be italicised or underlined. Whichever you choose, be consistent.

Ibid.

Ibid. is short for the Latin word ibidem, meaning "the same place". You can use Ibid. to direct the reader to the reference in the previous footnote (or endnote).

Example use of Ibid. in footnotes

1. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin, Critical Terms for Literary Study (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 104-7.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 209.

There are two ways to reference using the notes and bibliography system:

• with a full bibliography at the end of your work
• without a bibliography at the end of your work.

Citing and referencing – with a bibliography

1. When citing another work in your text, insert a small superscript number (eg ¹) to denote a footnote (or endnote).
2. In the footnote (or endnote) put a brief reference (usually Author, Title, Page number) that the reader can use to find the full reference in the bibliography.

(Microsoft Word has an inbuilt utility for inserting footnotes and will automatically sequence the numbers in a rising series.)

Citing and referencing – without a bibliography

1. When citing another work in your text, insert a small superscript number (eg ²) to denote a footnote (or endnote).
2. In the footnote (or endnote) put a full reference. A full reference included in a footnote is styled slightly differently to a full reference in a bibliography.

Example

An example of the Chicago (notes and bibliography) style, taken from the Internet:

Article, with endnotes and no bibliography
 (Source: Brown University)

Lecturers' notes are referenced in the same way as unpublished material.

The reader needs to know: author, "title of lecture", lecture notes, course, institution, date of lecture.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. Tim Parsons, "How to write good references" (Lecture notes, MA Drama, University of the West of England, October 2010).

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
5. Parsons, "Write good references."

Bibliographic entry

Parsons, Tim. "How to write good references." Lecture notes, MA Drama, University of the West of England, October 2010.

The reader needs to know: author, "entry title," blog title, date of entry, date of access (if necessary), URL.

Note: Date of access is not required by the Chicago standard unless it is impossible to determine the date of publication or revision.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
2. Chris Hutt, comment on "Residents' Parking - A Way Forward?," Green Bristol Blog, February 22, 2010, http://greenbristolblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/residents-parking-way-forward.html.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
8. Hutt, "Residents' Parking."

Bibliographic entry

Hutt, Chris, comment on "Residents' Parking - A Way Forward?" Green Bristol Blog. February 22, 2010. http://greenbristolblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/residents-parking-way-forward.html.

Electronic books

For electronic books, the publisher may be the name of a repository. For example, the Oxford Text Archive or the Electronic Text Centre at the University of Virginia.

The reader needs to know: author, title, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, page number, URL, DOI or e-book format (the DOI is preferred to the URL).

Examples

Notes (without bibliography)
1. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders' Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 10, http://press-pubs.unchicago.edu/founders/.
2. Douglas Adams, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (London: Heinemann, 1991), chap. 10, Kindle edition.

Notes (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
11. Kurland, Founders' Constitution.
12. Adams, Hitchhiker's Guide, 145.

Bibliographic entries

Kurland, Philip and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.unchicago.edu/founders/.
Adams, Douglas. Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. London: Heinemann, 1991. Kindle edition.

Books with one author

The reader needs to know:  author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page number. 

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
12. T.H. Breen, How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 65.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
14. Breen, How Consumer Politics, 68.

Bibliographic entry

Breen, T. H. How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Books with two or three authors

The reader needs to know: authors, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page number.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
6. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin, Critical Terms for Literary Study (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 104-7.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
9. Lentricchia, Critical Terms, 105.

Bibliographic entry

Lentricchia, Frank, and Thomas McLaughlin. Critical Terms for Literary Study. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Books with four or more authors

• In the note list the first author followed by et al.
• In the bibliography list all the authors.

The reader needs to know: authors, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page number.

Example note (without bibliography)
5. Susan Hattingh et al., Community Nursing: A South African Manual (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 2012), 243.

Example note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
7. Hattingh et al., Community Nursing, 256.

Bibliographic entry

Hattingh, Susan, Marie Dreyer, Steven Roos, Doriccah Peu. Community Nursing: A South African Manual. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Reference books (research works such as dictionaries, encyclopedias and indexes)

It is not usually necessary to give full publication details if the dictionary or encyclopedia is well known, or to put it in your bibliography. However, you should give such details as edition and year of publication in order to identity the particular work you have consulted.

If you are citing an alphabetically arranged work, cite the item preceded by "s.v." ("sub verdo," or under the word).

If you are citing a particular authored entry within a dictionary or encyclopedia, give basic details of author and title at the beginning of the reference.

The reader needs to know: entry author, "entry title," title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, date entry last modified or date accessed (if online), URL (if online). 

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
11. Basque English Dictionary (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1989).
12. Wikipedia, s.v. "Pythagoras," last modified May 7, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
16. Basque English Dictionary.

Bibliographic entry

Basque English Dictionary. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1989.

The reader needs to know: authors, title, original place of publication, original publisher, original date of publication, author of reprint editions, reprint place of publication, reprint publisher, reprint date of publication, page number.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribner, 1925), reprinted with preface and notes by Matthew J. Bruccoli (New York: Collier Books, 1992), 87.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
1. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 87.

Bibliographic entry

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 1925. Reprinted with preface and notes by Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Collier Books, 1992. Page references are to the 1992 edition.

The reader needs to know: author, title, who did the translation, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, page number.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. Jorge Luis Borges, Collected fictions, trans. Andrew Hurley (London: Allen Lane, 1999), 75.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
1. Borges, Collected fictions, 80.

Bibliographic entry

Borges, Jorge Luis. Collected fictions. Translated by Andrew Hurley. London: Allen Lane, 1999.

The reader needs to know: author (unless a reference work), title, edition, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, format (for example, CD-ROM).

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), CD-ROM.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
1. Oxford English Dictionary.

Bibliographic entry

Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. CD-ROM.

The reader needs to know: chapter author, "chapter title," in book title, editors, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, page numbers.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Shuurman, "Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis," in Religion, Feminism, and the Family, eds. Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), 11-32.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
1. Carr, "Religion and Feminism," 33-34.

Bibliographic entry

Carr, Anne, and Douglas J. Shuurman. "Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis," In Religion, Feminism, and the Family, edited by Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, 11-34. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.

For published conference proceedings, follow the instructions for chapters/contributions in books.

If referring directly to a conference address that you attended, or an unpublished conference paper, reference as follows...

The reader needs to know: author, "address/paper title," paper presented at conference title, conference location, conference date.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
3. Brian Doyle, "Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59" (paper presented at the Annual International Meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19-22, 2002).

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
5. Doyle, "Howling Like Dogs."

Bibliographic entry

Doyle, Brian. "Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59." Paper presented at the Annual International Meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19-22, 2002.

The reader needs to know: title, director, year of release, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, format (for example, DVD).

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. High Fidelity, directed by Stephen Frears (2000; Los Angeles, CA: Walt Disney Video, 2001), DVD.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
3. High Fidelity, Frears.

Bibliographic entry

High Fidelity. Directed by Stephen Frears. 2000. Los Angeles, CA: Walt Disney Video, 2001. DVD.

The illustration should be given an accompanying figure number.

If the image is taken from another book or manuscript the exact source should be credited with acknowledgement of both the artist and the author or editor within which the image has been reproduced.

The reader needs to know: author, "title," year, format, size, author of citing work, title of citing work, place of publication/display, publisher, year of publication, page number.

Examples

Citation within your text, if image included
Fig.2., James Sharples, "The Forge," 1865-6.
Source: Tim Barringer, Men at Work: Art and Labour in Victorian Britain (Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 2005), 143.

Note (without bibliography)
2. James Sharples, "The Forge," 1865-6, oil on canvas, 100cm x 75cm, in Tim Barringer, Men at Work: Art and Labour in Victorian Britain (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005), 143.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
4. Sharples, "The Forge."

Bibliographic entry

Sharples, J. "The Forge," 1865-6, oil on canvas, 100cm x 75cm, Sheffield City Art Gallery, Sheffield.

Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which some are exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.

Electronic journal articles

The reader needs to know: author, "title of article," title of journal, volume number, issue number, date of publication, page numbers, date of access (if requested), DOI number or URL (a DOI number is preferred, if available).

Note: Date of access is not required by the Chicago standard, however, your lecturer or publisher may request it.

Examples, using a DOI

Note (without bibliography)
4. Damiano Canale, "Looking for the Nature of Law: On Shapiro’s Challenge," Law and Philosophy 31, no. 4 (2012): 409-11, doi:10.1007/s10982-011-9125-y.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
8. Canale, "Nature of Law," 412.

Bibliographic entry

Canale, Damiano. "Looking for the Nature of Law: On Shapiro’s Challenge." Law and Philosophy 31, no. 4 (2012): 409-41. doi:10.1007/s10982-011-9125-y.

Examples, using a URL

Note (without bibliography)
4. Lawrence A. Shapiro, "Multiple Realizations," Journal of Philosophy 97, no. 12 (2000): 23, accessed June 27, 2006, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2678460.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
9. Shapiro, "Multiple Realizations," 24.

Bibliographic entry

Shapiro, Lawrence A. "Multiple Realizations." Journal of Philosophy 97, no. 12 (2000): 21-24. Accessed June 27, 2006. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2678460.

Print journal article

The reader needs to know: author, "title of article," title of journal volume number, issue number, date of publication, page numbers.

Examples:

Note (without bibliography)
7. Ann Grodzins Gold, "Grains Of Truth: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales," History of Religions 38, no. 2 (1998): 155.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
9. Gold, "Grains of truth," 158.

Bibliographic entry

Gold, Ann Grodzins. "Grains Of Truth: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales." History of Religions 38, no. 2  (1998): 150-71.

Treat microform and microfilm as books. Include the format details after the publication details, and include reel number or fiche number where appropriate.

The reader needs to know: author, title, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, reel/film/fiche number.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
2. William Wilberforce, Papers of William Wilberforce (1759-1833) and related slavery and anti-slavery materials from Wilberforce House, Hull (Oxford: Adam Matthews Publications, 2000), microfilm, series 1, part 1, reel 14.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
9. Wilberforce, Papers, series 1, part 1, reel 15.

Bibliographic entry

Wilberforce, William. Papers of William Wilberforce (1759-1833) and related slavery and anti-slavery materials from Wilberforce House, Hull. Oxford: Adam Matthews Publications, 2000. Microfilm.

The reader needs to know: composer (or writer, or performer, or other person primarily responsible for the recording), title, recording date, name of the recording company or publisher, recording catalogue code, year of publication, format (eg compact disc), URL (if found online).

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, String Quartets Nos. 14-19, Performed by Alban Berg Quartet, Warner Music France, WM4078, 2002, compact disc.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
6. Mozart, String Quartets.

Bibliographic entry

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. String Quartets Nos. 14-19. Performed by Alban Berg Quartet. Warner Music France, WM4078, 2002, compact disc.

Published musical scores should be treated like a book, with the composer and title of the composition followed by publication details.

The reader needs to know: composer, title, editors, place of publication, publisher, year of publication.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
14. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano, prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania: Theodore Presser, 1960).

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
21. Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies.

Bibliographic entry

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania: Theodore Presser, 1960.

It is normally sufficient to include newspaper and magazine articles in notes. If you need to include a reference to a newspaper article in the bibliography, the year of publication is separated from the month and day (if any). If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.

The reader needs to know: author (if known), "title of article," name of newspaper, month, day and year. For electronic newspapers include the URL.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
4. Daniel Mendelsohn, "But Enough about Me," New Yorker, January 25, 2010.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
9. Mendelsohn, "But Enough about Me."

Bibliographic entry

Mendelsohn, Daniel. "But Enough about Me." New Yorker, January 25, 2010.

The reader needs to know: name of country or state, name of committee, department or Royal Commission, title, volume details and command number if available, year of publication, URL (if paper is online).

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
2. United Kingdom, Parliament, Report of the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, Vol. 2, Appendices, Cmd 2687 (London: The Stationary Office, 1926).

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
5. Parliament, Report Royal Commission, 1926.

Bibliographic entry

United Kingdom. Parliament. Report of the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance. Vol. 2. Appendices. Cmd 2687. London: The Stationary Office, 1926.

It is only necessary to include personal communications - such as conversations, letters and email messages - in notes rather than in the formal bibliography.

Letter, email

The reader needs to know: author, recipient of message (usually the author), date that the message was sent.

Example

Note
4. Ian McEwan, e-mail message to the author, November 15, 2008.

Repeated reference
12. McEwan, email to author.

Interview

The reader needs to know: interviewee, name of interviewer (usually the author), place and date that the interview took place (if known).

Example

Note
4. Andrew Macmillan, interview by author, San Diego, CA, March 2, 2007.

Repeated reference
22. Macmillan, interview by author.

The reader needs to know: reviewer's name, "title of review," review of title of work being reviewed, author(s)/artist(s), source of the review followed by publication details, page numbers (or URL).

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
3. Allan Gibbard, "Morality in Living: Korsgaard's Kantian Lectures," review of The Sources of Normativity, by Christine M. Korsgaard, Ethics 110, no. 1 (1999): 140-64.

Note (with bibliography), or if a repeated reference
9. Gibbard, "Morality in Living," 152.

Bibliographic entry

Gibbard, Allan. "Morality in Living: Korsgaard's Kantain Lectures." Review of The Sources of Normativity, by Christine M. Korsgaard. Ethics 110, no.1 (1999): 140-64.

These are only cited in notes, not in the bibliography.

The reader needs to know: name of programme or series, "name of episode," number of episode, television channel, date broadcast, URL if accessed online and date accessed.

Example

Note
1. Big Ideas that Changed the World, "Feminism," episode 2, narrated by Germaine Greer, Channel 5, June 7, 2005.

Repeated reference
8. Big Ideas that Changed the World, 2005.

The reader needs to know: author,"title," type of project (for example MA thesis, dissertation, etc), institution, date.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
14. Tim Bowly, "Bristol's Trading Networks with Ireland in the Later Middle Ages" (MA thesis, University of the West of England, 2005), 35.

Note (with bibliography), or if repeated reference
16. Bowly, "Bristol's Trading Networks," 28.

Bibliographic entry

Bowly, Tim. "Bristol's Trading Networks with Ireland in the Later Middle Ages." MA thesis, University of the West of England, 2005.

Websites may not be titled or dated, and may be anonymous, but you should include this information where it is available.

The reader needs to know: creator of information (if available), "title of web page," title of website (if available), date accessed or date page last modified, URL.

Examples

Note (without bibliography)
1. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, "Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach," Evanston Public Library, accessed June 1, 2005, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.

Note (with bibliography), or if repeated reference
4. Evanston Public Library, "Evanston Strategic Plan."

Bibliographic entry

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. "Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach." Evanston Public Library. Accessed June 1, 2005. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html.