Members of the Bristol Centre for Linguistics (BCL)

Dr Minna Kirjavainen-Morgan is an Associate Professor in Language and Cognition, and Director of BCL. Her research investigates first and second language acquisition and adult language processing, in particular in relation to the acquisition of syntax and morphology, but also in relation to adverbs, disfluencies and ambiguity. In addition, she is interested in the Whorfian hypothesis i.e. the idea that language-user’s native and second language knowledge influences their cognitive processes and mental states. Minna approaches these questions both experimentally and by using corpus linguistic methods.

Professor Jonathan Charteris-Black, Professor in Linguistics, specialises in the influence of metaphor on persuasive language, particularly in the use of language politics and the political use of language. He also has theoretical interests in metaphor and cognitive linguistics. He has written extensively on political discourse, most recently on the language of the Brexit referendum.

Dr Kate Beeching, Visiting Research Fellow and Director of BCL (2014-2020), is a specialist in pragmatics and social interaction. She is particularly interested in the ways that social interaction influences the meanings of words – especially discourse markers (such as sort of, like, you know and I mean as well as similar words in French). She often uses corpus linguistics to carry out her research. In addition, she has carried out applied linguistics research and has written numerous French textbooks.

Professor Emeritus Richard Coates, Professor Emeritus in Onomastics, was the Director of BCL (2007-2014). His work covers historical linguistics and linguistic theory. His focus is on names – particularly place-names and personal names, exploring their origins and how they’ve changed over time. Richard led the Family Names of the UK project which explained the surnames of the majority of surnames in Britain and Ireland. He is President of the English Place-Names Society. His work in linguistic theory resulted in the Pragmatic Theory of Properhood. Richard maintains interests in local history and dialectology, previously of Sussex and now of the Bristol area.

Dr Grant Howie is a sociolinguist whose PhD focused on second language learners’ acquisition of speech sounds and the role that identity plays in the production of salient vowels. He is currently working on the performance of Bristol identity through phonetics and is developing the LangVar database of sociolinguistic recordings of newcomers to Bristol.

Dr Mark Nartey is an interdisciplinary scholar who investigates how people deploy language in specific spatiotemporal and sociocultural contexts to achieve various aims, including identity construction and negotiation, self-promotion, and othering as well as argumentation, resistance, and (de)legitimation. He is particularly interested in language and identity, language attitudes and stereotypes, language and diversity, language and the media, and language and/in politics. His research has a critical orientation; hence, it aims to raise awareness about various complicated constructs in society and to illustrate how research on language use can translate into social transformation.

Dr Anna Piasecki is an Associate Professor of Psycholinguistics, with a broad interest in language acquisition (i.e., how our brain develops, stores and accesses language). She has approached this area from multiple angles (vocabulary, phonology and syntax) and across different groups of speakers (bilinguals and second language learners; children and adults). Her recent work has moved into the clinical space, where she develops language tests for patients diagnosed with brain tumours, dementia, or epilepsy.

Dr Luke Rudge is a Visiting Research Fellow at BCL. His research focuses on multimodality and (systemic) functional approaches to linguistic analysis, with an emphasis on how the visual-spatial modality is employed in interactive communication. His research also encompasses the intersection of language and technology, and interdisciplinary analyses of language in use (eg within pedagogical, architectural and medical contexts, to name a few).

Professor Jeanette Sakel is a linguistic typologist specialising in language contact and South American languages, gaining her PhD from The University of Nijmegen and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in 2003. She is the author of A Grammar of Mosetén (Mouton de Gruyter, 2003), Linguistic Fieldwork (Cambridge University Press, 2012, with Dan Everett) and Study Skills for Linguistics (Routledge, 2015) and has edited a range of collections, including Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, with Yaron Matras). Her current focus is on minority language structures and language contact phenomena. n higher education, having gained a National Teaching Fellowship (Higher Education Academy) in 2015.

Dr Charlotte Selleck carries out work at the interface of sociology and linguistics, and is particularly interested in questions of language and identity with a focus on multilingualism. Her work has explored the situation of schoolchildren in bilingual schools in Wales, the role that (future) employment plays in the notion of elite multilingualism and language policy in Bristol (with a focus on the Bristol Somali community). She carries out interactional and ethnographic work.

Dr Kate Steel specialises in forensic linguistics, with a particular interest in spoken interactions in investigative and legal contexts. Her doctoral and ongoing research draws from police bodycam footage to examine first response police-victim communication at the scene of reported domestic abuse incidents. In this work, Kate applies positioning theory and conversation analysis through a critical lens to explore the nexus between power, responsibility and vulnerability which shapes first response encounters.

Neil Barua is a Visiting Fellow at UWE Bristol.

Dr Kait Clark is a Senior Lecturer in Cognitive Neuroscience in the College of Health, Science and Society at UWE Bristol. She is a member of the Psychological Sciences Research Group.

Rik Lander is a Senior Lecturer in Interface and Experience Design in the College of Arts, Technology and Environment at UWE Bristol. He is a member of the Digital Cultures Research Centre.

Supervised by Dr Anna Piasecki and Dr Minna Kirjavainen-Morgan.

Are certain noun labelling preferences in early childhood innate or is it influenced by environmental factors? An exploration into the visual-auditory and psychological processes of object naming in child language and literacy development.

Köhler (1941) theorised the use of multi-sensory associations, or cross-cognitive functions, for the processing of information from external stimulus, such as shapes, smells, colours and noises. Synaesthesia is relatively atypical in adults, Köhler went on to focus on visual-auditory (shapes and sound) processing in the adult population (1941). He formulated the experiment of ascribing the choice of two unusual names (pseudo-words) to two irregular 2-D shapes. Approximately 95% of the world’s population would assign the pseudo-word ‘kiki’ with the pointed shape and ‘bouba’ with the more rounded, curvier shape (Ramachandran and Hubbard, 2001a; Robertson and Sagniv, 2008). This universality evokes the question; where does this universal tendency originate from?

Tomasello (2003, p. 8) theorised that the “human linguistic system is symbolic”, which may be learned through social interactions. This leads to the embodiment of symbolic language which may include children’s utterances whilst holding their hand to their ear to represent a phone or to their mouth to represent food or drink. It could be interpreted that children learn to do this through watching and copying others carrying out these actions (Bruner, 1964). However, Buccino et al. (2016), hypothesised that embodied language is not dependent upon previous experiences of individuals, but the biologically structural aspects of the sound symbolism and the intended object. This could be linked to the rounded articulation of the phonemes (sounds) which have previously been linked within studies of visual-auditory synaesthesia (Ramachandran and Hubbard 2001a).

This would require the child to have some, conscious or unconscious, understanding of this sound symbolism, such as that found in the in-utero research of Eswaran et al. (2007), (Hung et al., 2017). Therefore, children would not need to hold the ability to understand a shared symbolism in the research of noun labelling regarding audio-visual synaesthesia, supporting Maurer’s (1993) innate hypothesis. This correlates with educational frameworks that the acquisition of literacy needs to be precluded by an intrinsic awareness of “sound symbolism” to develop a shared understanding of both auditory (phonemes) and visual (graphemes) symbolic systems (Westbury, 2004, p. 10; DfES, 2007; BAECE, 2012; DfE, 2013a; DfE, 2013b; DfE, 2017). Therefore, is there a potential link between children’s use of naming strategies and their stage of literacy development?

Supervised by Dr James Murphy and Dr Charlotte Selleck.

Student-led conversations in Finnish as a foreign language lessons.

In the classroom, it is the teacher’s institutional role to conduct the direction of the lesson and the interaction between the teacher and students. However, the students are not just passive participants in the lesson; they also take part in turn-taking in various ways, for example by asking for clarification and replying to the teacher’s questions. The students interact not only with the teacher, but also with their fellow students, especially when working in pairs or small study groups. These multi-party conversations are very important for foreign language learning and social interactions in the classroom.

The research into classroom interactions has focused mainly on the actions of the teacher, whilst the students’ turns have been explored mainly as reactions. During the last decades language lessons have changed and now students participate in classroom conversation to an increasing extent, not only with the teacher but also with their fellow students. Therefore, it is important that student-led conversations are researched more in the classroom and foreign language learning environment.

The main objective of my study is to analyse students’ turn-taking in Finnish as a foreign language lessons in English classrooms, when they are working in pairs or small study groups. The main method I use is conversation analysis. I am interested in the overall student-led conversations after the teacher has set the task:

• What kind of roles do the students take?
• Does one student, for example, take the role of the teacher by teaching the students?
• Are there over-lapping, interruptions or pauses between different participants?
• How are the repairs formed and when they occur?

I have started my research in the spring 2019 and working simultaneously as a Finnish language teacher in various schools, universities and ministries in Britain.

Supervised by Dr James Murphy, Dr Ailie Turton (College of Health, Science and Society) and Dr Stuart McClean (College of Health, Science and Society).

Supervised by Dr Anna Piasecki, Dr Charlotte Selleck and Dr Felicity Deamer (Aston University).

Loaded words: Does phraseology denote attitude? A corpus assisted, critical discourse analysis of the relation between sexist language use and sexist ideologies.

My study aims at understanding whether the usage of sexist language bears meaningful relation to attitudes held by the speaker.

Many people take a position on whether we should be using certain types of expressions. The political correctness debate appears more polarized every year. This research is driven by the desire to understand the significance of intention in utterances, because it seems that meaning, and the way words are interpreted, can change dependent on knowledge of the speaker’s attitudes. The research will explore the connection between attitude and word choice in participants who have completed Implicit Association Tests, the results of which will be compared with their own published X (formerly Twitter) corpus. 

The insights gleaned from examining each participants own words alongside their unconscious attitudes results will hopefully contribute original knowledge on the relationship between intention and speech, to build on existing literature in language and gender, language and ideology and pragmatics.

Supervised by Dr Anna Piasecki, Dr Kris Kinsey and Mr Neil Barua, PhD, FRCS (SN), working alongside the clinical team at Southmead Hospital (North Bristol NHS Trust).

My research project aims to develop contemporary and comprehensive language tests for patients undergoing brain tumour surgery.

Awake surgery procedures rely on electrical stimulation mapping of the cortex to identify pathological tissue and functional regions to be spared. While the brain is being stimulated, the patient is awake and engaged in language tests that guide tumour resection. Although advancements have been made in the field of psycho- and neurolinguistics, the application of findings in clinical context is limited. Language testing batteries need to tap into different levels of processing and be feasible within the constraints of the surgical settings. My project seeks to bridge the gap between research and medical practice, towards the development of an up-to-date, standardised, and validated tool to for intraoperative language testing.

My previous work in the NHS, specifically in stroke patient rehabilitation, has given me valuable insights into the importance of preserving communication in everyday life. This hands-on experience has fuelled my motivation to engage in pioneering research, with the primary goal to improve patient outcomes through the preservation of communication as a fundamental element of their quality of life.

My keen interest in language processing and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms sparked during the MSc Language Sciences and Neuroscience at University College London (distinction). During my time at UCL, I was an intern in Rosemary Varley’s Cognition and Grammar Lab, supporting the development of a novel behavioural therapy for sentence impairments in aphasia.

Prior to this, I achieved a BA in Linguistics and Modern Languages from Ca’ Foscari University of Venice (summa cum laude).

Supervised by Dr Anna Piasecki, Dr Minna Kirjavainen-Morgan and Mr Neil Barua, PhD, FRCS (SN).

Brain tumours are the most destructive type of tumours because they tend to gradually spread into the healthy brain areas that are responsible for important cognitive functions like language. This renders their removal, without causing severe damage to the language-related tissue and consequently introducing life-long speech impairments post-operatively, difficult. In order to reduce such risks, patients’ language abilities are monitored/evaluated in real-time during the surgery, using standardized language tests.

These intraoperative (language) tests are designed to trigger linguistic responses within a very short time-period and are, therefore required to be:

1. sensitive and robust enough to detect subtle language errors, and
2. complex enough to capture various aspects of natural language use.

The currently existing tests, however, lack sensitivity potentially because they are not designed for specific populations. Additionally, they’re limited to simple single-word testing and do not fully consider the assessment of other essential expressive elements that are more frequently used in daily-life communication.

The aim in my PhD project is, therefore, to design intraoperative tests with increased sensitivity and that can allow for more personalised, comprehensive and valid evaluation of speech function that is beyond single word testing. 

With a more specific and sensitive battery of language tests as the outcome of this project, our hope is to contribute towards introducing intraoperative tests that can positively impact the quality of life of patients requiring brain tumour surgery. 

I have started my PhD journey in the Spring of 2022 and I am currently in the second year. Prior to this, I did an Erasmus Mundus joint MSc degree in Clinical Linguistics (EMCL+) at the Universities of Groningen, Potsdam and Eastern Finland, where I researched the relationship of cognitive flexibility and the switching of communication modality in people with post-stroke aphasia. I also have a Bachelor’s degree (taught BA) in Linguistics from Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 

Supervised by Dr Susana Afonso (University of Exeter) and Dr Minna Kirajavainen-Morgan.

My PhD is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council’s South-West and Wales Doctoral Partnership (SWWDTP) award.

Identification of prepositional constructions for pedagogical application in the teaching of Spanish as a second language.

Guided by Cognitive Linguistics and Construction Grammar approaches, my PhD project will investigate the formal and semantic features of an inventory of Spanish prepositional constructions in order to develop a pedagogical model for teaching prepositions to learners of Spanish as a second language.

Prepositions are an area widely recognised as challenging for language learners. Their heterogeneity and seemingly arbitrary nature make them difficult to classify and learn, and a common source of errors during speech production. In the process of learning a second language, students tend to rely on their mother tongue, sometimes creating erroneous equivalences between linguistic structures in their first language and structures in the second language, in a process called “transfer” (Kellerman, 1979; Ortega, 2008). This phenomenon has been identified in adult English-speaking learners of Spanish by Brogan and Son (2015), who attest that, although learners are increasingly exposed to input and improve their skill level, they continue misusing prepositions and erroneously associating them with prepositions in their first language.

One aspect that may hinder the acquisition of prepositions is the way their meanings are presented in educational materials. Prepositions are often explained in unsystematic ways, with exhaustive but unrelated lists of uses and syntactic rules. One approach towards a more integrated view of prepositional forms and meanings is to incorporate the tenets of Cognitive Linguistics and Construction Grammar into the development of theory and materials for language learning. Cognitive Linguistics is a theoretical framework which proposes that the relationship between forms and meanings is not arbitrary but motivated and embodied, in other words, it emerges from the interaction between our bodies and the physical and sociocultural reality around us (Johnson, 1987; Lakoff, 1987, Ibarretxe-Antuñano and Cadierno, 2019). As a usage-based approach, Cognitive Linguistics also posits that the experience of using the language is what allows the speakers to build a grammar of the language (Langacker, 1987; Tomasello, 2000).

For this research, I will use an approach derived from the Cognitive Linguistics framework, Construction Grammar – a theory grounded in the idea that language is composed of ‘constructions’, that is, pairings of form and meaning (Lakoff, 1987; Goldberg, 1995, 2013). Constructions constitute an innovative analytical tool not only for the description of the forms and meanings of prepositional structures but also for their instruction in the second language classroom, as the notion of construction integrates lexical, grammatical, discursive and pragmatic values (Castañeda Castro, Cadierno & Ibarretxe-Antuñano, 2019), providing a holistic perspective that facilitates learning the multiple meanings of complex and seemingly unsystematic structures such as prepositions.

Supervised by Dr Anna Piasecki, Dr Kris Kinsey, and Mr Neil Barua, PhD, FRCS(SN).

T R Williamson (Tom) is a PhD candidate in the Brain, Language, and Behaviour Laboratory in the Bristol Centre for Linguistics at UWE Bristol. His research involves designing language tests for awake craniotomies in the context of neuro-oncology treatments, with a special focus on the motor-linguistic system in the brain.

Tom's research background is broadly in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics (the study of how language is processed and produced in the mind and brain). To date, he has published and presented on topics including embodied cognition, idiom processing, semantic processing, experimental pragmatics, polysemy, and iconicity. He maintains additional interests in semantics, pragmatics, "superlinguistics", and, outside of linguistics, higher education policy.

Previously, he completed an MPhil (by Thesis) in Linguistics under the supervision of Professor John Williams at the University of Cambridge, and before that a BA(Hons) in Linguistics and Philosophy at Lancaster University, under the supervision of Professor Panos Athanasopoulos and Dr Vittorio Tantucci. He also works with Dr Lisa Aziz-Zadeh in the Centre for the Neuroscience of Embodied Cognition at the University of Southern California.

He is involved with a few academia-adjacent projects as:

• Chair of the Advisory Board for the Journal of the Undergraduate Linguistics Association of Britain
• a member of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain Student Committee
• a consultant for Skills for English, an English proficiency test provider at PSI Services LLC.

 You can also follow Tom via:

• Tom’s website
• X (formerly Twitter) @tomrwilliamson
• LinkedIn
• Google Scholar profile.

Supervised by Professor Richard Coates and Dr Anna Piasecki.

Memet T Zunun is a PhD candidate in the field of toponymy within the School of Arts and Modern Languages at UWE Bristol. His research focuses on exploring the historical, cultural, and linguistic significance of Xinjiang place-names. With a robust background in linguistics, Memet has authored six books covering topics in language, history, and cultural studies. His academic interests extend to Uyghur history, cultural studies, and interdisciplinary research beyond linguistics.

The interdisciplinary nature of Memet's current research project aims to unveil the multifaceted layers of Xinjiang's toponymic landscape. This approach integrates disciplines such as linguistics, history, and cultural studies. The study aims to move beyond surface observations, employing a comprehensive methodology to reveal nuanced details of place-naming practices. The primary goal is to enhance our understanding of Xinjiang's cultural identity, linguistic significance, and historical evolution.

Memet's previous publications in history, culture, and linguistics provide a solid foundation for his current research in toponymy. Notable works include Chronicles of Uyghur, offering a comprehensive historical account of the Uyghur people, The Dictionary of Uyghur Grammar, a valuable resource for scholars and linguists, and The Encyclopedia of Uyghur Tradition and Social Customs, documenting the rich cultural heritage and social practices of the Uyghur community. His hands-on experience in these areas has motivated him to engage in innovative research, aiming to provide insights into how significant place-names reflect Xinjiang's intricate identity, encompassing ethnic multiplicity, historical evolution, linguistic diversity, and cultural heritage.

Memet T Zunun earned his BA in English Language and Literature from Xinjiang University, China, and his MA in Turkish Studies from SOAS, University of London. His extensive academic journey is complemented by a list of published works that showcase his dedication to linguistic and cultural scholarship.

Selected publications:

• Zunun, MT (1995). Concise Handbook of English Grammar. Xinjiang Publishing House, Urumchi.
• Zunun, MT (2012). Index of Kutdagu Bilik. Uyghur Language Studies. London.
• Zunun, MT (2017). Chronicles of Uyghur. Uyghur Language Studies. London.
• Zunun, MT (2019). The Encyclopedia of Uyghur Tradition and Social Customs. Uyghur Language Studies. London.
• Zunun, MT (2021). The Dictionary of Uyghur Grammar. Uyghur Language Studies. London.
• Zunun, MT (2022). The Abridged Turkish Language Guide. Uyghur Language Studies. London.
• Zunun, MT (2023). Chronicles of Uyghur. Second edition. Uyghur Language Studies. London.