In-text citations

When referring to another author's work, include their name and year in brackets.

Example: In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as...

If you are quoting directly or using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work, you should include the page number(s) in your citations. Insert the abbreviation p. (or pp.) before the page number(s). For media, such as videos and podcasts, include a timestamp to identify the relevant point in the recording.
See quote an author's work.

If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, the year is given in brackets with the name.

Example: ...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)

If there are two or three authors, all names should be given before the date.

Example: Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...

Example: In a recent study (Kudless, Oxman and Swackhamer, 2008)...

If there are four or more authors, only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (in italics):

Example one: Kotler et al. (1987)

Example two: (Kotler et al., 1987).

Remember to list all the authors of the work in your reference list or bibliography.

If you need to cite more than one source at the same time, list the sources, separating each with a semi colon. The publications should be cited in chronological order, with the earliest date first.

Example: A number of environmental studies (Karlhofer, 2018; Town, 2018, pp. 320-334; Barkhov et al., 2019; Fujiwara, 2021, pp. 23-25) considered...

If you need to refer to more than one source at the same time where the author and date are the same, use lower case letters, in alphabetical order, following the year of publication:

Example: Jones (2012a) provides a useful overview of evidence based practice. This has been further refined in her latest book (Jones, 2012b) which considers the practice in an international context.

In this case, the reference list at the end of your work would look as follows:

Reference list example:
Jones, P. (2012a) Evidence Based Medicine. Blackwell Publishing.
Jones, P. (2012b) International Evidence Based Medicine. Redcliffe Press.

Put the sources in chronological order in your in-text citations and reference list.

If there is no author given, use the title in italics.

Example: In a recent study (Bears in Yellowstone, 2025) ...

You may wish to cite a work you haven't read that has been referred to in another work that you have read.

In this case you should cite the primary source (the unread work) and the secondary source (the read work) in your text.

However, in your reference list/bibliography, you should just reference the secondary source.

Example: Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971), who developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

Example: Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

Example: Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

In these examples, the list of references would only contain the work by Rowley.

Recommendation: secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible. The author may be citing the original reference because of their own interpretation of its relevance, possibly in quite a different context. We recommend you read the original source for yourself to ensure its relevance to your particular context.

You must fully cite a source every time you refer to it.

Harvard does not use ibid. to refer to a previously cited item.