References - Harvard System for electronic sources

Reference to an Internet source

The reader needs to know:

Author's or Editor's surname.	Author's or Editor's initials.
Year.	Title[online].
Edition.	Place of publication.
Publisher. (if ascertainable).	Available from.
[Accessed date].

Example:

Barnett, M.,1996. Harvard system [online]. London: Anywhere University. Available from http//anywhere.ac.uk/library/resources/harvelec.htm [Accessed 15 May 1998].

The term [online] indicates type of medium and is used for all Internet resources. [Accessed Date] is the date on which the document was viewed. This allows for any subsequent modifications to the document. The term publisher can cover both publishers or printed sources as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as Bournemouth University.

If no specific author is cited ascribe authorship to the smallest organisational unit.

Example:

Library Services.1995. Internet user's guide[online]. North Ofhere: North Ofhere State University. Available from : http:/ofhere.ac.uk/library/guides/ [Accessed 15 May 1998].

Reference to an Electronic book (e-book)

The reader needs to know:

Author's or Editor's surname.	Author's or Editor's initials.
Year of publication	Title.(in italics or underlined).
Type of medium	Edition.
Place of publication.	Publisher.
Date of update/revision ( if applicable)	Available from:(URL)
[Accessed date] (Day/Month/Year)

Example:

Freud, S., 1999. Interpretation of Dreams [online]. 3rd edition. Oxford:Oxford University Press. Available from http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm. [Accessed 28 May 2002].

Reference to part of an Electronic book

The reader needs to know:

Author's or Editor's surname. (of host document)	Author's or Editor's initials.(of host document)
Year of publication	Title.(in italics or underlined). (of host document)
Type of medium	Edition.
Place of publication.	Publisher.
Date of update/revision ( if applicable)	Part/chapter (in brackets)
Title of part/chapter	Location within the host document
Available from (URL)	[Accessed date] (Day/Month/Year)

Example:

Freud,S., 1999. Interpretation of Dreams [online] 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press. ( Chapter 1. Section E) The Psychological perculiarities of Dreams. Interpretation of Dreams. Available from http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm. [Accessed 28 May 2002].

Reference to an Electronic journal

The reader needs to know:

Author's or Editor's surname.	Author's or Editor's Initials.
Year.	Title of article.
Journal title[online].	Volume number.
Part/Issue number (in brackets).	Location within the host.
Where available from (URL).	[Accessed date].

Example:

Church, K.B.,1995. People machines:on Robot-Consciousness. Psychology [online], 6 (15). Available from: gopher://wwachaw.ai.univie.ac/Psychology/1654/ [Accessed 17 June 1998].

The location within host is the equivalent of pagination used with printed sources. It should be given if the format of the document includes page numbers or an equivalent internal referencing system. The specification of location should be chosen according to the following order of preference:

Page, screen, paragraph or line number where the features are a fixed feature of the online source (e.g. 5-21 or 5-21; lines 100-150).

Labelled part, section, table etc.

Any host-specific designation.

If the document does not include pagination or internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated in such terms as the total of number of lines, screens etc, (eg. [35 lines] or [approx. 12 screens] ).

Example:

Brittain, B.V., 5 March 1996, Re:Computing in academic institutions. Lis-link [online]. Available from: mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk [Assessed on 23 April 1997].

Reference to E-mail Discussion Lists

These discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Reference to these should be treated in a similar way to journal references.

They need to know:

Author's or Editor's surname.	Author's or Editor's Initials.
Day/Month/Year.	Subject of message.
Discussion List[online] in italics.	Available from (List E-mail address).
[Accessed Date].

Example:

Brittain, B.V., 5 March 2001, Re:Computing in academic institutions. Lis-link [online]. Available from: lis-link@jiscmail.ac.uk [Assessed on 23 April 2001].

Reference to Personal electronic communication (e-mail)

The reader needs to know:

Author's or Editor's Surname.	Author's or Editor's initials.
(Sender's E-mail address).	Day/Month/Year.
Subject of message.	E-mail to recipient.
(Recipient's E-mail address).

Example:

Other, A., (ann-other@uwe.ac.uk), 6 June 2002. RE: Prociteand bibliographic software. E-mail to J. Bloggs (j-bloggs@uwe.ac.uk).

To find details on referencing please see the following:

• What is a reference?
• Why reference?
• When to reference?
• Where and how to reference?

For different referencing methods please see:

Harvard method (non electronic).	Running notes.
Numeric system.	MLA.